Software: Types, Definition and language.

 

Chapter-8

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

  

Definition of software

Software is a set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the control and the operation of the computer system, in fulfilling the user needs. The software also includes documentation that guides one through the operation. Software is the creation of human mind.

Software is off two types 1- System software
    2-Application software

System software- These are the programs that activate and monitor the activities of the hardware components of the computer system. The programs are provided by the manufacturers, vendors on specialized software developing houses. The program that comes under this category are:

1- Operating system

2- Utilities

Operating system- Operating system is an integrated set of specialized programs that is used to manage the resources and overall operation of the computer. It acts as an interface between the application programs of the user and the internal hardware.

Utilities- Utility software is a type of software that is designed to help users manage, maintain, and optimize their computer systems. Utility software includes a wide range of tools and applications that perform specific tasks to improve the performance, security, and functionality of a computer system.


Programming utilities- The utilities allow the user to develop application programs for their specific needs. These application programs are developed either in house or by the help of software development consultants. 

LANGUAGES

A language is a means of communication. The programmer makes use of a computer language to communicate with the computer. Computer language can broadly be classified into two types:

1- Low Level Language

a- Machine level language

b- Assembly level language


2- High level language

Machine level language- Low-level language is also known as Machine Language. The machine language contains only two symbols 1 & 0. All the instructions of machine language are written in the form of binary numbers 1's & 0's. A computer can directly understand the machine language. It is also known as binary language.

Assembly level language- An assembly language is a type of low-level programming language that is intended to communicate directly with a computer's hardware. Unlike machine language, which consists of binary and hexadecimal characters, assembly languages are designed to be readable by humans.

High level language- A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language, such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal, that allows a programmer to develop programmes that are independent of the type of machine they are running on. all these languages are classified as high-level because they are more comparable languages than machine languages.


Translator

Each language requires a translator to translate these computer program into machine language. These translators which themselves are programs are called compilers or language pr ocessors. Computer translation can broadly be classified into 3 types:


a- Assembler b- Interpreter c- Compiler


Assembler- In order to execute an assembly language program on a computer, it should be first translated into its equivalent machine language program. The translator who does this is known as an Assembler. 

Interpreter- An interpreter converts each instruction of the source program to an equivalent instruction in machine language and executes it immediately.

Compiler- A compiler on the other hand converts the entire set of instructions in a source program into a single unit of self-executable object program. This program can be executed independently. It translates HLL to MLL. 


Application software-

Programs designed and developed to fulfill the specific needs of the user. An application program is a computer program designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users. Word processors, media players, and accounting software, MS office are examples of application shoftware

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